Toyota Motor History

Toyota started in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda.[17] It's first vehicles were the A1 passenger car and the G1 in 1935. Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent and separate company in 1937.

Type	Public (TYO: 7203) & (NYSE: TM)
Founded	1937
Founder(s)	Kiichiro Toyoda
Headquarters	Aichi, Nagoya, Tokyo, Japan and Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
Key people	Kiichiro Toyoda (Founder), Fujio Cho (Chairman and Representative Director), Katsuhiro Nakagawa (Vice chairman and Representative Director), Katsuaki Watanabe (President and Representative Director), Shoichiro Toyoda (Honorary Chairman)[1]
Industry	Automotive Robotics Financial services Biotechnology
Products	Economy/mainstream/luxury vehicles

Toyota Motor Corporation , Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki-gaisha?) is a multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and currently the world's largest automaker.Toyota employs approximately 316,000 people around the world.

In 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product Type A engine and in 1936 its first passenger car the Toyota AA. The company was eventually founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Toyota currently owns and operates Lexus and Scion brands and has a majority shareholding stake in Daihatsu Motors,and minority shareholdings in Fuji Heavy Industries, Isuzu Motors, and Yamaha Motors. The company includes 522 subsidiaries.

Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City and Nagoya (both in Aichi), and in Tokyo. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its division Toyota Financial Services and also creates robots. Toyota Industries and Finance divisions form the bulk of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world.

Toyota was hit hard during the 2008-2009 financial crisis and requested a loan from the Japanese government. Other large car manufacturers like GM, Honda, Mazda, and Chrysler also requested loans from their home governments.

Toyota headquarters in Toyota City, Japan

Vehicles were originally sold under the name "Toyoda", from the family name of the company's founder, Kiichiro Toyoda. In September 1936, the company ran a public competition to design a new logo. Out of 27,000 entries the winning entry was the three Japanese katakana letters for "Toyoda" in a circle. But Risaburo Toyoda, who had married into the family and was not born with that name, preferred "Toyota" because it took eight brush strokes to write in Japanese, was visually simpler and with a voiceless consonant instead of a voiced one (voiced consonant is considered "murky" or "muddy" sound compared to the voiceless consonant, which is "clear"). Since "Toyoda" literally means "fertile rice paddies", changing the name also helped to distance the company from associations with old fashioned farming. The newly formed word was trademarked and the company was registered in August 1937 as the "Toyota Motor Company".

In predominantly Chinese speaking countries, Toyota is known as . These are the same characters as the founding family's name "Toyoda" in Japanese, which translate to "fertile rice paddies" in the Chinese language as well.

From September 1947, Toyota's small-sized vehicles were sold under the name "Toyopet" .The first vehicle sold under this name was the Toyopet SA but it also included vehicles such as the Toyopet SB light truck, Toyopet Stout light truck,Toyopet Crown and the Toyopet Corona. However, when Toyota eventually entered the American market in 1957 with the Crown, the name was not well received due to connotations of Toys and pets. The name was soon dropped for the American market but continued in other markets until the mid 1960's.

With over 30 million sold, the Corolla is one of the most popular and best selling cars in the world.

Century is the official state car of the current Emperor of Japan.

Worldwide presence

The Camry is assembled in several facilities around the world including Australia, China ,Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Pakistan and the United States.

2007-2009 Toyota Camry

Electric technology

Toyota is one of the largest companies to push hybrid vehicles in the market and the first to commercially mass-produce and sell such vehicles, an example being the Toyota Prius. The company eventually began providing this option on the main smaller cars such as Camry and later with the Lexus divisions, producing some hybrid luxury vehicles.

Toyota Prius

Lexus LS
Trucks
The Tundra is a full-size pickup truck sold by Toyota that originally went into production in 1999 (as a 2000 model year model), Currently, the Tundra has been on the market for more than half a decade, and has captured 17 percent of the full-size half-ton market.

2007 Tundra Double Cab

Toyota Corona

The Toyota Corona is an automobile manufactured by the Japanese automaker Toyota between 1957 and 2002. The Corona was Toyota's second oldest nameplate, behind the Crown. During Toyotas early days, the Crown, Corona and Land Cruiser were the only vehicles made, with the Corona in multiple body configurations, including trucks and delivery vans. Traditionally, the competitor from Nissan was the Nissan Bluebird. The word Corona is Latin for "crown".

The Corona became massively successful in export markets: confusion easily arises because Toyota (like Volkswagen with their Passat and Mitsubishi with their Colt) applied model names inconsistently in different places. Following the 1969 parallel introduction of the Corona Mark II (which in certain markets mutated into the Cressida in 1973) there were disparate models sharing the Corona name. As time went by, models branded in much of Asia as Coronas turned up in European markets as Carinas, while ten years later in North America the Corona was successfully replaced by the larger Camry. In addition, because of the similarities in names, it is a very common mistake to confuse the Corona with the much smaller Toyota Corolla.

Toyota Corona

T10 (1957–1959)

The first generation Corona was designed with parts from the previous generation Crown and Master, due to a major restyle and enlargement of that model. Many of the body panels were cut down from the Master that ceased production. Also available was the ST16/PT16 van versions. The 997 cc (60.8 cu in) OHV P series engine was used, but the regulations regarding taxis at the time were 910 cc (56 cu in). Dealers restricted the power for taxi vechicles. Due to the upgrade in dimensions of the Crown, Toyota needed to continue manufacturing a vehicle with similar size dimensions to the first Crown, primarily to be used for taxi usage. This vehicle saw the introduction of a monocoque chassis structure, and a independent front suspension using double wishbones. Due to the monocoque chassis, Toyota was able to produce a vehicle under 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). This series was only available as a four door sedan. Due to improvements indroduced in 1959, this car was capable of traveling at 105 km/h (65 mph).

Toyopet Corona (later Toyota Corona), first model

T20/T30 series (1960–1964)

The Tiara was a series of sedan models sold by Toyota Motor Corporation, as an export model of the Toyota Corona. It was introduced at a critical time for the company in North America. Their first flagship car, the Toyopet Crown, was unsuccessful in the US market, and was withdrawn, leaving only a single vehicle, the Land Cruiser. At the time, there was little market for an off-road vehicle like the Land Cruiser. The front end styling is reminiscent of the 1955-1957 Ford Thunderbird.

The Tiara was supposed to sell alongside the Crown, as a smaller companion. Introduced in 1960, the car was powered by a 1.0 L P series motor. In 1961, Toyota introduced a more powerful 1.5L R series motor, the same motor from the Crown; an even larger 1.9 L engine was added in 1964. Fortunately for Toyota, the problems with the Crown were not seen on the Tiara, and the lighter body (400 lb less than the Crown) was sufficient for the R series engine.^{[citation needed]} The Tiara station wagon was more popular for women.^{[citation needed]} But nevertheless, it sold better and had a lot less mechanical problems.^{[citation needed]} The Tiara ended up being the only sedan sold by Toyota in the USA until the reworked second-generation Crown appeared. By that time, the Tiara had been redesigned and given the Corona label from the Japanese domestic market. A total of 318 of the vehicles were sold in the US.

Toyota Tiara

T40/T50 series (1964–1969)

The third generation was introduced September 1964, and was known in Japan for its range of bodystyles offered. Aside from the sedan, variants included a 3-door station wagon, two pickup variants, one of which had an extended cab with an canopy and a 5-door hatchback, which looked reminiscent of a Renault 16. The Corona appeared with a distinctly different appearance on the front of the vehicle, utilizing a slanted front and encompassing quad headlights within the boundaries of the grille. Previous generations used a single, two-way headlight installed on top and separate from the grille. The Italian designer Battista Farina assisted in the appearance of the new Corona. A public demonstration of the new Corona's performance was done on the Meishin Expressway, where the new model was tested to 100,000 kilometres (62,137.1 mi), and was able to sustain speeds of 140 km/h (87 mph). The Corona was released one year after the debut of the Corona's traditional competitor, the Nissan Bluebird. Toyota introduced a smaller vehicle to address the market that needed a more fuel efficient vehicle, called the Toyota Corolla March 1968. This allowed the Corona to increase in size and offer more passenger and cargo room over previous generations.

The Toyota automatic transmission, dubbed Toyoglide, was introduced on this version of the Corona. The 4R engine that had a displacement of 1587 cc was equipped with a twin SU carburetor, and was capable of 90 bhp (67 kW; 91 PS). Disc brakes were also introduced for the front wheels. Exports of this Corona proved popular in the USA and Europe, with increased engine performance and durability improvements over previous versions. In September 1967, Toyota was producing 80,000 cars, with 30,000 being the Corona.

Toyopet_Corona　Model RT40

Hardtop Coupe (1970–1974)

Four-cylinder engine choices were 1.5, 1.6 (12R), 1.7, 1.9, and 2.0 (18R) liter gasoline.

In the United States, the 1970s were probably the Corona's high point, helped by the fuel crises of 1973 and 1979. Competition for sales continued from the Nissan Bluebird, and from a new competitor from the Mazda RX-2 in 1971, with an introduction to the USA in 1972.

The Corona pick-up was no longer manufactured due to the introduction of the Toyota Hilux in 1969.

The T-80 series Corona was introduced February 1970 and was a complete redesign, and was developed on a separate platform from the Toyota Corona Mark II, which became a larger, more comfortable and powerful car, where the Corona remained focused on fuel economy. Body styles were further reduced to a two door hardtop coupe, a four door sedan and station wagon. The engine continued to use a OHV on base level vehicles, and SOHC on the two door coupes, and the engines used in the Mark II were shared with the Corona. Trim levels offered were the 1500DX, 1600DX and the 1600SL. A mild restyle appeared August 1972. Among the mechanical updates were electronic fuel injection installed on the 18R-E with a SOHC engine design that appeared in the two door coupe. The 18R-B had twin SU Carburetors, with a electroniclly controlled automatic transmission, labeled ECT. A performance oriented Corona sedan was introduced in 1970, called the Toyota Carina. The 2.0 liter engine appeared in the 2000SL and the 2000SR with fuel injection.

Toyota-Corona

(1974–1978)

August 31, 1973 saw the introduction of the Corona T100-Series, which continued to be built as a 4-door sedan, 2-door hardtop coupe and 4-door station wagon. Engines were 1.6 and 2.0 liters SOHC. In North America, the 20-R 2.2 liter engine was used. The high performance 2000 GT Sedan and Hardtop Coupe with 18R-G twin cam engine were only offered in Japan. The two speed automatic was no longer offered. The face lift revised the hood and grille, and enlarged the tail lights. The Wagon featured wood panel body claddings. North American models had longer bumpers (hiding recoverable bumper shocks) to meet local 5 mph (8.0 km/h) impact standards; they gained standard radial tires in 1975. Side door impact upgrades were installed in all doors. This series also saw the standard (on some models) Electro Sensor Panel which monitored fluid and bulb status. Some models had a shifter mounted on the steering column, which may have been Toyota's first serious attempt to compete with American brands like General Motors and Ford. Sales of the Corona continued to grow as a result of the 1973 oil crisis. The two door hardtop continued, with trim levels 1600GL, 1800SR and the 2000SR, with the coupe proving popular in the USA, but proved to be more popular in Japan.

The Corona saw a new competitors in both Japan, Europe and the USA from the Honda Accord in 1976, and the Subaru DL in 1974. The advantage the Honda and Subaru had over the Corona was that both vehicles were front wheel drive, while the Corona was rear wheel drive. In response to Honda's CVCC emissions, Toyota introduced "TTC-C" and "TTC-V" with a catalyst system. In Japan, the 12R-U engine was designed to run on LPG for taxi usage, starting in October 1975. The 18R-E engine with fuel injection that was used in the 2000SL and 2000SR discontinued production due to emission issues. In November 1975, the 1800 saw the removal of the twin carburetors due to emission regulations, which saw the discontinuation of the 1800SR coupe. June 1976 saw the installation of a catalyst system included with the TTC-C system.

January 1977 saw a minor appearance change to both the interior and exterior, with a revised grille.

1973 Toyota കൊറോണ

T130 (1978–1982)

Introduced in Japan in September 1978, the T130-Series Corona featured a boxy design with more elegant lines. 4-door Sedan, 2-door Hardtop Coupe and new 5-door Liftback were manufactured with 1.6 or 2.0 liter engines. Minor change and the 1.8 liter 3T engine were added in 1981. The North American Corona shared the 2.2 liter 20R engine with the Celica. Emission regulations passed in 1978 were applied across the range of models offered. The 1.8L engine was equipped with electronic fuel injection as well as the 2.0L engine.The front and rear suspension was upgraded to independent struts. Disc brakes were installed at the front and rear wheels on the 2000SL and 2000GT. The transmission on the 2000CX 3 speed automatic with overdrive and a floor mounted transmission selector (although the column shifter also carried over from the previous generation). LPG was used as the fuel for versions used for taxi usage. Power steering was now standard on all models, as well as power assist brakes. In Japan, March 1981 saw the introduction of the 25th anniversary edition of the Corona, and was nicely equipped, including power windows, locks as well as 60 other improvements. The top model was the 2000GT.

CT141 (1982–1987)

The CT141 was a spinoff of the T140, used specially as taxicabs in Hong Kong, Japan, Macau and Singapore. It shared the T140's 1562 cc engine. Alterations were made to the headlights, grille and the overall design. The car was unavailable in the mainstream market. The car was popular initially, but lost popularity when the Comfort was introduced.

Most of this models ever sold around the world have been scrapped; Macau is one of the only countries still using it.

1983–1987

The Corona was eventually dropped in Australia in favor of the larger Camry, but in New Zealand, Toyota continued to offer versions of the Corona, assembled locally at Toyota's plant in Thames, New Zealand. Later, Toyota New Zealand followed Australia's lead and dropped the Corona, instead marketing the Australian-built Camry as its offering in the mid-size segment of the market and had unique sheetmetal.

Toyota's large family car lineup in Europe was quite confusing when looking over the past 25 years. The 1970 and 1981 Carina models were sold in most of Europe, but in 1984 they were replaced with the "Carina II" — which was really the 1983 model Corona as sold in Japan with alterations to the headlights, grille and trim — most notably it had a lot less chrome than the Corona.

1987–1992

It eventually faced competition from the smaller Toyota Carina as that model grew in size. Because of Japanese taxation laws, both models got to the maximum 1700 mm (66.9 in) permitted for a lower tax bracket and in the 1980s and early 1990s, were the same size. A Corona coupé was spun off in the mid-1980s. It was based on the 4th Generation Celica notchback Coupe, but with fixed headlights instead of retractable.

The Corona T170 Series was launched in Japan in December 1987 which in 1988 became new Carina II in Europe.

Toyota Carina II

1992–1998

Introduced in March 1992 the new Corona made its European debut at Geneva Auto Show as Carina E, which replaced the Carina II. The Carina E was built at Toyota's factory in Burnaston, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom. The UK produced Carina E is notorious to have some parts of slightly lower quality than the one produced in Japan.

This generation of Corona was called Corona Absolute in Indonesia, or Corona Exsior in the Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan. Generally the Carina E was offered in XL and GL trim levels, but in UK they were marketed as S, GS, CD, and CDX. The high performance GT-i with 3S-GE engine was offered in small numbers in certain European countries.

The T190 is the last Corona for most export market, trim levels are XL, GX, and GLi with 1.6, 1.8, or 2.0 liter four-cylinder engines.

In the Philippines, the Corona was only available with the 2.0 liter I4 3S-FE engine throughout its production from 1993-1998. Early examples of the Corona T190 (ST191) looks similar to the 1992 Japanese spec model. It only has the 2.0 EX Saloon variant, with a choice of a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic transmission. The 1995 model has the facelifted exterior, having the front and rear bumpers with the black trim, and the standard 3 piece rear spoiler. The Exsior was introduced in 1996, this time with extended bumpers and red/amber taillights and garnish. Another variant of the Corona Exsior was the LE, it has genuine leather seats, faux dash wood panel, and electronic air purifier/ionizer as standard equipment. It was eventually replaced in 1998 with the Toyota Camry 2.2.

The five-door model was called the Corona SF in Japan, while the station wagon had become a separate line there, from 1993, called the Toyota Caldina.

Production in Japan ended in 1995, but in Europe and South East Asia lasted until 1997.

Toyota Corona Exsior

1996–2001

A final eleventh generation was built between 1996 and 2001 for the Japanese home market, with one particular model called the Toyota Corona Premio that was spun off into an independent model called the Premio (coded ST210), and a related model called the Allion after 2001. The Corona Premio was offered as Base Premio, Premio E, and Premio G. Four-cylinder engine choices are 1.6 liter 4A-FE, 1.8 liter lean burn 7A-FE, and 2.0 liter 3S-FE. Diesel engines offered were 2.0 L 2C-T and later on replaced by more economical 2.2 L 3C-T. This is the last model using Corona name in Japan.

Corona Premio

Toyota Prius

The Toyota Prius (pronounced /ˈpɹiːəs/) is a hybrid electric mid-size car developed and manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation. It first went on sale in Japan in 1997, making it the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle. It was subsequently introduced worldwide in 2001. The Prius is sold in more than 40 countries and regions, with its largest markets being those of Japan and North America.

The first Prius, model NHW, went on sale in December 1997.It was sold only in Japan, though it has been imported privately to the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.Many of these cars are now being exported as second-hand vehicles to New Zealand and other countries.

2001–2003

The 2001–2003 Prius for the United States market was powered by a 1.5-liter 4 cylinder gasoline engine, a permanent magnet AC electric motor, and a 274-volt nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery pack. The gasoline engine developed 70 hp (52 kW) and 82 ft·lbf (111 N·m) of torque. The electric motor generated a maximum of 44 hp (33 kW) and 258 ft·lbf (350 N·m) of torque. Japanese versions were less powerful.

The engine and motor power were increased over the previous model. Air conditioning and a continuously variable transmission were standard equipment.

In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was marketed between the smaller Echo and the larger Corolla. The published retail price of the car was US$19,995.The California Air Resources Board (CARB) classified the car as a Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV).

European sales began in September 2000.

The official launch of the Prius in Australia occurred in 2001 after the Sydney Motor Show.

2004–2009

The Prius was completely redesigned into a mid-size liftback which is between the Corolla and the Camry in size, with redistributed mechanical and interior space that significantly increased the rear-seat legroom to exceed that of many larger automobiles. The new model is 6 inches (150 mm) longer than the previous version.Its more aerodynamic body resulted in a drag coefficient of 0.26 Cd.

The new Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) uses an all-electric compressor for cooling. Combined with a smaller and lighter NiMH battery, the NHW20 is more powerful and more efficient than the NHW11. Air conditioning is now operated independently of the gasoline engine, an industry first. In the U.S., the battery pack of the 2004 Prius is warranted for 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years. The warranty in California is 150,000 miles (240,000 km) or 10 years for the Prius and in the seven Northeastern states that have adopted the stricter California emission control standards

It is classified as a SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle) and is certified by California Air Resources Board as an "Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle".

Toyota debuted the 2010 Prius at the 2009 North American International Auto Show, with sales to follow in late spring 2009.Its new body design is more aerodynamic, with a coefficient of drag reduced to 0.25 Cd, and its EPA estimated combined fuel economy cycle is 50 mpg (4.7 L per 100 km), a 4 mpg increase (0.59 L per 100 km decrease) over the previous generation.

The 1.8-liter gasoline engine (previously 1.5-liters) generates 98 hp and with the added power of the electric motor total horsepower is 134 hp (previously 110). The larger engine's displacement allows for increased torque reducing engine speeds (RPM) which helps improve fuel economy at highway speeds. With an electric water pump, the 1.8 liter Prius engine is the first Toyota engine that requires no belts which further improves fuel economy.

Sales

Toyota announced on June 7, 2007 that it had sold 1 million hybrid vehicles globally, and that of those 757,600 were Prius.Nearly 345,000 of the first 1 million hybrid cars made by Toyota were sold in Japan. In May 2008, Toyota announced that its worldwide cumulative sales of the Prius had passed the 1 million mark. The Prius, which is sold in more than 40 countries and regions, has its largest markets in Japan and North America. Nearly 60% of all Prius sales have been in North America, where 183,800 vehicles were sold in 2007. That sales pace has accelerated in early 2008, with 66,100 vehicles sold in North America in the first four months, a rate that would result in nearly 200,000 sales if continued through the entire year. In fact, Toyota sold 21,757 Prius hybrids in the United States in April, setting a record for April sales and making the Prius the third most popular vehicle in the Toyota line, trailing the Corolla and the Camry.

U.S. sales of the Prius began in August 2000. By 2001 sales there totaled 15,556, and by 2002 had reached 20,119. sales there were 53,991, and doubled in 2005 to 107,897, about 60% of the world total of 180,000.[45] By June 7, 2007, 266,212 Prius had been sold in the U.S., and accounted for 40% of the hybrid market there in 2006. As of November 2007 Toyota has sold 510,325 Prius in the US since its initial launch in 2000. Prius gas-electric hybrid mid-size sedan reported sales of 14,212 units for a best-ever December and best-ever year-end sales of 181,221 units, up 68.9 percent over 2006.

2006 Toyota

Design and technology

The Prius is a combined hybrid (sometimes referred to as series-parallel), a vehicle that can be propelled by gasoline (petrol) and/or electric power. Components of the system include:

Toyota Prius

Toyota Celica

The Toyota Celica GT-Four is a high performance model of the Celica liftback, with a turbocharged 3S-GTE engine, and full-time AWD. It was created to compete in the World Rally Championship, whose regulations dictate that a manufacturer must build road-going versions of the vehicle in sufficient numbers. These vehicles are referred to as "homologation special vehicles."

Japanese model Celica

The GT-Four concept started with the convertible prototype displayed at 1985 Tokyo Motor Show. The white car with burgundy interior is the first car to be called Celica GT-Four with theme "Open Air 4WD Motoring". The convertible never went into production, but the concept went to the liftback model which began production in October 1986.

Toyota Celica

The first 21 units ST185 were built in December 1988 as prototypes for various tests. The production model was launched in Japan in September 1989, and delivery began a month later.

1993 Toyota Celica All-trac Turbo ST185

There are three different gearboxes for ST185 GT-Four. The E150F with 4.285 final gear ratio was installed in the JDM and All-trac. European and Australian specs come with E151F with 3.933 ratio. The JDM only GT-Four Rally has E152F with close ratio on the 1st through 4th gear and 4.285 final ratio. All the RC/Carlos Sainz/Group A have E151F.

1993 Toyota Celica All-trac Turbo ST185

The GT-Four ST205 was launched for Japanese market in February 1994, and for the Australian, European, and British markets in the mid-year. This version was to be the most powerful Celica produced to date, producing between 239-255PS from an updated 3S-GTE engine. Influenced strongly by Toyota Team Europe, Toyota's factory team in the World Rally Championship, the final version of the GT-Four included improvements such as an all aluminum hood and front quarter panels to save weight, four-channel ABS, an improved CT20B turbocharger, and "Super Strut Suspension". The 2500 homologation cars built to allow Toyota to enter the GT-Four as a Group A car in the World Rally Championship also sported extras such as all of the plumbing required to activate an anti-lag system, a water spray bar and pump for the front intercooler, a small hood mounted spoiler aft of the windscreen washers and an extender spoiler mounted on risers. Out of 2500 GT-Four WRC, 2100 stayed in Japan, 300 were exported to Europe, 77 for Australia, and few to the general markets. Japanese WRC models had ABS as an option and also received climate control as standard. Export WRC models only received a manual aircon system but all had ABS.

Toyota Celica GT-Four WRC ST205

ST185 Pace car version by Trofeu